Bezueglich Elektrochemie und Nano(im)pulse :
http://www.suedamerika-web.de/browngas/kanarev.html [glow=red,2,300] von 15000 W zu 144,8 W zu 1,4 W[/glow]
http://www.rexresearch.com/kanarev2/kanarevpulsemtr.htm#pulsepowerThere is an American scientist among the laureates of the first Russian prize "Global Energy" of the year of 2003. He was awarded the prize, because (as it was informed) he managed in his laboratory to form an electric pulse, which power is equal to power of all power stations of the world. [glow=red,2,300]For this purpose, let us analyze energetics of pulses of voltage, current and power being obtained by us while determining electric energy consumed by the cell of water electric generator of heat [1]. [glow=red,2,300] Let us show that a mistake during the pulse power calculation is a result of this experiment.[/glow][/glow]
ANALYSIS
The oscillograms of pulses of voltage, current and power being obtained with the help of PCS500A oscilloscope are given in Figs 1, 2 and 3. Horizontal scale is 50 μs per division. [1].
Fig. 1. Voltage pulse
Fig 2. Current pulse
Fig. 3. Power pulse
It is clearly seen (Figs 1, 2 and 3) that a form of pulses of voltage, current and power can be reduced to a rectangular form. Pulse duration will be equal to 0.00007 s, pulse repetition period is 0.00725 s, pulse frequency is =1000/7.25=137.9. Duty ratio is equal to S=0.00725/0.00007 =103.6. If the pulse form is considered to be a rectangular one, duty factor will be equal to Z=1/103.6=0.0096. Voltage pulse amplitude is =300 V, current pulse amplitude is =50 A and power pulse amplitude is =300х50= 15 kW. Taking it into consideration, average voltage value will be = 300х0.0096=2.88 V, average current value will be =
50х0.0096=0.48 A, average power value will be =15000х0.0096=144 W.
Let us put a question: has power pulse (Fig. 3) 15 kW actually, and is average value of pulse power equal to 144 W? Is the calculation carried out correctly? [1]
In accordance with Si-system, if one voltage pulse with amplitude of and with assigned duration is supplied per second and one current pulse with amplitude of and with duration, the above-mentioned values of voltage and current can be used for power calculation only in the case when their duration corresponds to one second. Such requirement originates from the power unit definition by Watt. Watt is work done per second by current and voltage continuously.
Consequently, pulse action of voltage and current should be prolonged till one second. Naturally, an oblong rectangle is obtained instead of a pulse in this case. Height of this rectangle multiplied by a pulse form factor (=1 if the pulse form is reduced to a rectangular form and =0.5 if the pulse form is reduced to a triangular form), and it will be an average value of voltage if voltage pulse is spread, an average value of current if current pulse is spread, and an average value of power if power pulse is spread.
If not one, but several pulses are generated during one second, the above-mentioned average values of pulses of voltage, current and power, as it is considered now, should be multiplied by frequency of pulse. This operation is equivalent to a division of amplitude values of voltage , current and power by duty ratio . If we take into account that , average values of voltage and current will be equal to:
(1)
(2)
If we pay attention to the formulas (1) and (2), we'll see that the amplitude values of voltage and current are reduced to a duration of one second; that's why their values are in strict correspondence with Si-system. It is a vivid example of the fact that average power of the pulse should be determined according to the formulas:
(3)
(4)
[glow=red,2,300]But this result is considered to be erroneous, because voltage and current are changed simultaneously and synchronously, and their duty ratios are united in one duty ratio in power pulse; that's why, as it is considered now, average pulse power should be determined according to the formula [3], [4][/glow]
(5)
This value of average power will be obtained if we use the formula
(6)
[glow=red,2,300]Later on, we'll prove experimentally that power pulse (Fig. 3) has not 15000 W and 144.80 W, but only 1.40 W. That's why a question emerges: where does the essence of the mistake lie?[/glow]
A single division by duty ratio of a product of the amplitude values of voltage and current (formula 5) is equivalent to stretching till duration of one second of power pulse. It appears from this that either voltage pulse, or current pulse (i.e. one of two pulses) is stretched to duration of one second in the formula (5). This process can be shown graphically (Fig. 4) if it is supposed that the experiment has lasted 300 s.